Dr. Karthik Deepa

hat is BICS & CALP? These terms are commonly used in discussion of bilingual education and arise from the early work of Cummins (1984) in which he demonstrated his ideas about the two principal continua of second language development in a simple matrix. BICS describes the development of conversational fluency (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills) in the second language, whereas CALP describes the use of language in decontextualized academic situations (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency ). According to Baker (2006) "BICS is said to occur when there are contextual supports and props for language delivery. Face-to-face `context embedded´ [boldface in original] situations provide, for example, non-verbal support to secure understanding. Actions with eyes and hands, instant feedback, cues and clues support verbal language. CALP, on the other hand, is said to occur in 'context reduced' [boldface in original] academic situations. Where higher order thinking s...

INTRODUCTION Learning a second or a foreign language is more than learning a description of it. It is developing the ability to use the language on habit level. This is true of not only second language learning but also of first language learning. Fundamentally, all language learning involves the processes of listening, speaking, reading and writing. These processes involve both linguistic and psychological aspects. This leads us to understand that all language learning is based on certain well-defined principles derived from linguistic science as well as psychological science. In the following paras, these principles have been discussed. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING ENGLISH (Principles Derived from the Linguistic Science.) The modern approach to all language learning and teaching is the scientific one and is based on sound linguistic principles. The principles discussed below in no way claim finality : they are subject to change in the light of new facts exposed by l...

Multilingualism  is the use of more than one  language , either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber  monolingual  speakers in the world's population. [1]  More than half of all  Europeans  claim to speak at least one language other than their  mother tongue . [2]  Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness. [3]  Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly frequent, thereby promoting a need to acquire additional languages. People who speak several languages are also called  polyglots . [4] Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called  first language  (L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is acq...

Aims and Objectives of Teaching English .(by. Amita ) Unit-1 Sub point-B Note:  Here i place the reading material of the topic taught by Amita Unnikrishnan Madam. Kindly go through this for the external exmanitation. A] Aims and objectives of teaching English at secondary level The following are the main objectives of teaching English at secondary level. To develop knowledge and understanding of Grammar. To develop abilities to make use of the grammar in own writing English. To understand the meaning of English passage. To develop interest in reading English passages/ literatures. To develop self study habit. To enhance competencies in writing essays and gist of the passage in own words/ language. To develop their insight and favorable attitude towards English language. To developing the understanding about rules of grammar and their use in writing English.   B] Aims and objectives of teaching Eng...

ENGLISH BEFORE INDEPENDENCE AND ENGLISH NOW IN INDIA:  Place of English before Independence- 30  India inherited English‘ from the Britishers who ruled our country for more than two centuries. For over 200 years Indian intellectuals have been studying English. Today English has entered the fabric of Indian culture. English education in India began with the year 1765, when the East India Company became a political power. The first six decades of English education in India did not witness any remarkable progress. Firstly Macaulay‘s Minutes (1835) paved the way for the development of English in India by making its study compulsory. His this famous minute on education became the ‗Manifesto of English Education‘  in India. Macaulay‘s minute is very clear and unambiguous about the goals of English education in India We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indian in blood and colo...