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2 ENGLISH BEFORE INDEPENDENCE AND ENGLISH NOW IN INDIA and present status

ENGLISH BEFORE INDEPENDENCE AND ENGLISH NOW IN INDIA:  Place of English before Independence- 30  India inherited English‘ from the Britishers who ruled our country for more than two centuries. For over 200 years Indian intellectuals have been studying English. Today English has entered the fabric of Indian culture. English education in India began with the year 1765, when the East India Company became a political power. The first six decades of English education in India did not witness any remarkable progress. Firstly Macaulay‘s Minutes (1835) paved the way for the development of English in India by making its study compulsory. His this famous minute on education became the ‗Manifesto of English Education‘  in India. Macaulay‘s minute is very clear and unambiguous about the goals of English education in India We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indian in blood and colo...
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English language in the school context- an evolutionary perspective

2. GOALS FOR A LANGUAGE CURRICULUM  A national curriculum can aim for • a cohesive curricular policy based on guiding principles for language teaching and acquisition, which allows for a variety of implementations suitable to local needs and resources, and which provides illustrative models for use. A consideration of earlier efforts at curriculum renewal endowed some of our discussion with an uneasy sense of déjà vu. However, we hope that current insights from linguistics, psychology, and associated disciplines have provided a principled basis for some workable suggestions to inform and rejuvenate curricular practices. English does not stand alone. It needs to find its place 1. along with other Indian languages    i. in regional-medium schools: how can children’s other languages strengthen English teaching/learning?    ii. in English-medium schools: how can other Indian languages be valorised, reducing the perceived hegemony of English? 2.  in relati...
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Error analysis (linguistics)

In second language acquisition , error analysis studies the types and causes of language errors . Errors are classified according to: modality (i.e., level of proficiency in speaking, writing , reading , listening ) linguistic levels (i.e., pronunciation , grammar , vocabulary , style ) form (e.g., omission, insertion, substitution) type (systematic errors/errors in competence vs. occasional errors/errors in performance) cause (e.g., interference , interlanguage ) norm vs. system Methodology Error analysis in SLA was established in the 1960s by Stephen Pit Corder and colleagues. [2] Error analysis (EA) was an alternative to contrastive analysis , an approach influenced by behaviorism through which applied linguists sought to use the formal distinctions between the learners' first and second languages to predict errors. Error analysis showed that contrastive analysis was unable to predict a great majority of errors, although its more valuable aspects have been in...
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